Zhou Xiaoping’s articles are often published on major media like Global Times, Communist Party website or Xinhua Net. He was once popular for doubting many big shots on Sina Weibo.
杨雪冬：论国家治理现代化的全球背景与中国路径
1, Since the reform and open up, there are three major forces that have been promoting the multi-dimensional and profound reform in Chinese society. They are: high-speed economic growth supported by the market system; gradually increasing systemic reform and the ever-expanding open-up. The promoter behind these forces is the State. Through assigning power to the market, the society and local government and purposefully bringing international elements to domestic economic life, the single “all around” governance structure has gradually become richer. Not only there are more diversified body of governance, but the State is mastering and learning new ways of governance. However, over the past three decades of development, the State has changed from the promoter of reform to the object of reform. It is even becoming the object of the forced. The reason that the State has become the object of reform is because there are fundamental changes in economic and social environment. There are mainly 8 aspects:
1,改革开放以来，有三种主要力量推动了中国社会的全方位、深层次的变革。它们分别是：市场机制发育支撑的高速经济增长；渐进增量式的制度改革与制度转轨以及不断扩大的对外开放。而这些力量背后的推动者就是国家。国家通过向市场、社会、地方的放权和赋权，将国际因素有目的地引入国内经济社会生活之中，使得国家完全主导，甚至包办一切的“全能主义”单一治理结构逐渐丰富起来，不仅出现了更多样的治理主体，而且国家掌握和学习运用着更多的治理手段。然而，经过30多年的发展，国家也从变革的推动者逐步变成需要进一步变革的对象，甚至是被“倒逼”的对象。国家之所以成为变革的对象，是因为经济社会环境发生了深刻的变化。这主要体现在以下八个方面：
2, (1) From a controlling society to an autonomous society. In an autonomous society, on one hand there is increased ability for the society to make autonomous decisions; on the other hand the process for a society to obey a single decision is more complicated and costly. A new coordination mechanism is needed to integrate the multi-dimensional decision-making body.This is undoubtedly a challenge for the whole society to reach consensus and carry out collective campaigns.
(1)从控制型社会向自主型社会转变。
在自主型社会中，一方面社会自主决策能力提高了，另一方面整个社会服从统一决策的过程也更加复杂，成本更高，需要建立新的协调机制来整合多元化的决策主体。这无疑是对整个社会达成共识，实现集体行动能力的挑战。
3, (2), From a separate and static society to a more mobile society. (3) From an integrated society to a multi-faceted society. Since the reform and open up, along with development of market force and the concession of political power, the nature of a more multi-faceted society is becoming increasingly explicit. It is mostly expressed in two aspects. One is the considerable increase of main bodies of social events. In the economic field it is shown in the dramatic increase of the number of people who are legal persons in non-government sectors and people who work in non-government economic units. In the social field it is shown in the emergence of new emerging civil society and organizations. On the other hand there is increased awareness of social events. The momentum of their increased awareness is the concern of their own interests. The increased awareness of these bodies also promote more autonomous actions of these multi-faceted bodies.
(2) 从分割静态的社会向流动的社会转变。
(3)从整体性社会向多元社会转变。
改革开放后，随着市场力量的发展以及政治力量的退让，社会多元化特征日益明显。这集中体现在两个方面。一方面是社会活动主体的大量增加。在经济领域体现为非国有法人以及在非国有经济单位中就业人口的迅速增加，在社会领域体现为各种新兴公民社会组织的出现；另一方面是社会活动主体的主体意识的增强。对自身权益的关注是主体意识增强的动力。主体意识的增强也推动着多元主体行为的自主性。
4(4): From a closed and isolated society to an open society. This gives the state new challenges: on one hand it needs to avoid international influences on solving domestic problems, which needs more serious advocacy on the independence and integrity of sovereign power. On the other hand to speed up the problem solving of some domestic problems, it is also necessary to respond to the demands from international society.
(5), From a producing society to a consuming society.
(4) 从封闭孤立的社会向全面开放的社会转变。
这就给国家带来了新的挑战：一方面要防止国际因素影响国内问题的解决，就需要更强烈地主张主权的独立和完整；另一方面为了加快某些国内问题的解决，又必须回应国际社会的要求。
(5), 从生产的社会向消费的社会转变。
5, (6) From a society of state wealth to individual wealth. These changes not only limit the control of state power, influence the scope, intensity and mode of social activities; what is more important is that it provides material support on the increased awareness of social bodies. They have more wealth and therefore pay more attention on their personal interests and risks. Meanwhile it presents new challenges to large scale social events, which is how to facilitate cooperation among a large number of people who are with a considerable amount of wealth.
6从国家财富的社会向个人财富的社会转变。
这些变化的发生不仅限制了国家权力调控、影响社会活动的范围、强度和方式，更重要的是为社会主体意识的强化提供了物质支撑，因为他们拥有了更多的财富，也更关心危及自己利益的各种风险。同时这也对大范围社会集体行动的达成提出了新的挑战，即如何协调数量众多的、有着自我财富的社会主体之间的合作。
6, (7), From a society of constant economic growth to a society of sustainable growth.
7从经济不断增长型社会向社会可持续发展型社会转变。
There are accelerating signs of all kinds of negative results because of one-sided emphasis on economic growth, due to deepened reform and open-up. The supportive capacity of ecological environment to economic growth and the decreasing tolerance of widening gap of social wealth are directly challenging the current economic growth model.
片面强调经济增长产生的各种负面后果也随着改革开放的深入日益明显。生态环境对经济发展的支撑能力以及社会对收入差距拉大的容忍能力直接挑战着现有的经济增长模式。
7, (8) From a low risk society to a high-risk society
(8) 从低风险社会向高风险社会转变。
These changes pose two challenges on the state-centered governance structure: one is though the current governance structure is still highly effective when dealing with big events that need to consolidate lots of resources, for many problems in society, particularly those more micro, personal and unexpected problems it is much less effective. This has created the huge gap: on one hand the country could still engage in large-scale projects and events; on the other hand there are continuous mistakes on the problem-solving of daily events. There is a gulf between people’s expectations and the goal of the country’s development.
7, 这些变化对于长期以来形成的以国家为中心的治理结构产生了两大冲击：一是既有的治理结构虽然在集中资源办大事方面依然保持着很高的效力，但是应对社会领域的诸多问题，尤其是微观化、个人化、突发性的问题却有些无措。这就形成了一方面国家依然能够兴办大规模的工程，举办大型的活动，另一方面却在日常生活的治理中不断出现漏洞和失误，造成了民众的期望与国家发展目标之间差距的拉大。
8, The second crash is the result of the previous one, which is the core of governance - the authority and trust of the state is decreased. Though China has a long history of centering on the State and the society generally submits to national authority, when dealing with a large number of new problems, no matter it is the speed of response or the capacity of response there are obvious shortcomings. What is more important is that for some typical events the weakness that the State has shown make the society and people doubt the fairness and legitimacy of state authority. There is crisis of state legitimacy. The lack of trust on the State definitely could lead to non-submission to all kinds of system, which undoubtedly damage the environment of building social trust. It also makes social bodies difficult to manage their expectations.
8, 第二个冲击是前者的后果，即治理结构的核心——国家的权威和信任度有所降低。尽管中国有着悠久的国家中心传统，社会服从国家权威，但是在处理大量新问题的时候，国家无论在反应速度还是解决能力上都存在着明显不足。更重要的是，在一些典型事件中表现出的弱点使社会公众和团体对国家权威的公正性与合理性也产生了质疑，国家的合法性出现了危机。对国家的不信任必然导致对各种制度的不服从，这无疑破坏了整个社会构建信任关系的环境，并使社会行为者无法有序地安排自己的行为预期。
9, Along with the deepening of globalization and informationalization, the reform of a country’s governance must accept the judgement from international society and also needs to learn lessons from international experiences. Meanwhile it needs to be open.
9, 随着全球化的深化和社会信息化的普及，使得一国的治理改革既必须接受国际社会的评价也能够汲取国际上的经验教训，必须保持开放的状态。
10, In the governance system of a modern country, though the State shoulders the responsibility of the firewall, but it should not be the “all around responsible body” in the highly planned economic era. Only allowing all governing bodies to shoulder their responsibilities and duties can there be a reasonable relation between the state and society and among different internal sectors.
在现代国家治理体系中，国家虽然承担着最后防火墙式的“垫底”责任，但已经不是高度计划经济时代中的“全能责任人”。只有让各治理主体承担起各自的责任和义务，才能使国家与社会的关系，以及社会内部的关系实现合理化。
11, Not only do we need a modern governance path that is suitable for China’s situation and the construction of a governance system of Chinese characteristics to solve all kinds of problems in China; but we also need to respond to the requests and judgement from international society. Therefore dialogue and communication is needed with the international society.
治理现代化不仅要走一条适合中国国情的道路，构建出一套具有中国特色的治理体系，解决中国式的各种问题，而且还要直接回应国际社会的要求和评价，因此就要加强同国际社会的对话交流。
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